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These observations are drawn primarily from animal and in-vitro studies and are presented for research context only
These preclinical insights have been validated in large-scale clinical trials.The FLOW trial (n = 3,533) showed that once-weekly subcutaneous administration of semaglutide (1.0 mg) significantly reduced the risk of a renal composite endpointincluding 50% decline in eGFR, renal failure, or cardiovascular deathby 24% in patients with T2DM and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.660.88
doi: 10.1038/aps.2016.21 Summary Keywords metformin, intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal mucosal barrier, SCFAs, bile acid metabolism Citation Wang Y, Jia X and Cong B (2024) Advances in the mechanism of metformin with wide-ranging effects on regulation of the intestinal microbiota
doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy251 97