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Graille, M., Chaillet, M
Although the mechanism of EE/ICA remained obscured, a recent study showing that icaritin, a major intestinal metabolite of ICA, activated the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT/FoxO signaling pathway in C2C12 myoblasts 33 , in along with that ICA treatment activated insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signal pathways to improve insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells 34 suggest that the IGF-1/AKT pathway activation may play a critical role in the aforementioned effects of EE/ICA
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