Most of what circulates as safety comes from cell studies, animal models, and narrative reviews, several of them authored by people with commercial ties to copper-peptide products
Similarly, patients with MDD also had decreased relative abundance of the genera Coprococcus and Faecalibacterium compared to non-depressed individuals in a meta-analysis by Sanada et al
All potential benefits therefore must be weighed cautiously, and treatment is undertaken under medical supervision given that safety and efficacy are not yet established by regulatory authorities
"I recall there was one slide in my class that said you treat B12 deficiency with a pill or an injection
Directly and indirectly through multiple reactions which include enzymatic reactions, glutathione is oxidized to form GSSG, which is then reduced to GSH, its "active form" by yet another enzymatic reaction (3)