High ROS levels generated via endogenous (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], and NOXs) and exogenous sources (radiation, drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, and pollution) induce oxidative stress that is harmful to the host 46,47
Immunometabolism: the emerging framework Researchers are increasingly studying "immunometabolism," the bidirectional relationship between metabolic processes and immune function
Vitamin B12 Boosts energy and metabolism by helping cells produce proteins and function optimally
It aids in repairing damaged neurons, helping sustain communication between brain cells, and enhancing mental clarity (9)
Ferroptosis, a newly characterized form of cell death in Parkinsons disease that is regulated by PKC