The peptide sequence, alanine-histidine-lysine bound to copper, was chosen because of how it interacts with growth factor receptors and anti-apoptotic pathways
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As of late 2025, over 200 human studiesincluding dozens of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)demonstrate that tPBM is safe, well-tolerated, and remarkably effective across a spectrum of brain disorders that have long defied conventional pharmacology: traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, major depressive disorder (MDD), Alzheimers disease (AD), Parkinsons disease (PD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), post-COVID neurological sequelae, and even complex inflammatory conditions such as chronic Lyme disease and mold-related biotoxin illness.
DSIPs mechanism of action in the CNS appears to warrant intranasal application as a non-invasive means to directly cross the BBB
Don Catlin, worked to identify and expose these substances leading to one of the largest anti-doping scandals ever with the BALCO affair in 2002