(Evidence tier: a single named patient account inside a news report
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1587432 Received 05 March 2025 Accepted 17 September 2025 Published 23 October 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Antonio Narzisi, Stella Maris Foundation (IRCCS), Italy Reviewed by Stefano Marini, Independent Researcher, Termoli, Italy Yitzchak Frank, Mount Sinai Hospital, United States Updates Copyright 2025 Wang and Sun
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Until now, no approved treatment existed that could fix the core mitochondrial dysfunction
GHK-Cu works through copper delivery to metalloenzymes and broad gene expression modulation, affecting not only collagen synthesis but also collagen cross-linking (via lysyl oxidase), glycosaminoglycan production, anti-inflammatory pathways, and antioxidant defense systems